New Wave
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New wave is a loosely defined[22][23][24] music genre that encompasses pop-oriented styles from the late 1970s and the 1980s.[2] It was originally used as a catch-all for the various styles of music that emerged after punk rock,[25] including punk itself.[24] Later, critical consensus favored \"new wave\" as an umbrella term involving many popular music styles of the era, including power pop, synth-pop, ska revival, and more specific forms of punk rock that were less abrasive.[9] It may also be viewed as a more accessible counterpart of post-punk.[24]
New wave commercially peaked from the late 1970s into the early 1980s with numerous major artists and an abundance of one-hit wonders. MTV, which was launched in 1981, heavily promoted new-wave acts, boosting the genre's popularity.[24] In the mid-1980s, new wave declined with the emergence of the New Romantic, New Pop, and New Music genres.[26] Since the 1990s, new wave resurged several times with the growing nostalgia for several new-wave-influenced artists.[27][28][29]
New wave music encompassed a wide variety of styles that shared a quirky, lighthearted, and humorous tone[30] that were very popular in the late 1970s and 1980s.[2] New wave includes several pop-oriented styles from this time period.[2] Common characteristics of new wave music include a humorous or quirky pop approach, the use of electronic sounds, and a distinctive visual style in music videos and fashion.[24] According to Simon Reynolds, new wave music had a twitchy, agitated feel. New wave musicians often played choppy rhythm guitars with fast tempos; keyboards, and stop-start song structures and melodies are common. Reynolds noted new-wave vocalists sound high-pitched, geeky, and suburban.[31]
The majority of American, male, new wave acts of the late 1970s were from Caucasian, middle-class backgrounds. Scholar Theo Cateforis said these acts intentionally presented these exaggerated, nerdy tendencies associated with their \"whiteness\" to criticize it and to reflect their identity.[34] A nervous, nerdy persona was a common characteristic of new wave fans, and acts such as Talking Heads, Devo, and Elvis Costello.[35] This took the forms of robotic dancing, jittery high-pitched vocals, and clothing fashions that hid the body such as suits and big glasses.[36] This seemed radical to audiences accustomed to post-counterculture genres such as disco dancing and macho \"cock rock\" that emphasized a \"hang loose\" philosophy, open sexuality, and sexual bravado.[34]
Although new wave shares punk's do-it-yourself artistic philosophy, the artists were more influenced by the light strains of 1960s pop while opposed to mainstream \"corporate\" rock, which they considered creatively stagnant, and the generally abrasive and political bents of punk rock.[6] In the early 1980s, new wave acts embraced a crossover of pop and rock music with African and African-American styles. Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow, both acts with ties to former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren, used Burundi-style drumming.[37] Talking Heads' album Remain in Light was marketed and positively reviewed as a breakthrough melding of new wave and African styles, although drummer Chris Frantz said he found out about this supposed African influence after the fact.[38] Second British Invasion acts were influenced by funk and disco.[39]
As early as 1973, critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh were using the term \"new wave\" to classify New-York-based groups such as the Velvet Underground and New York Dolls.[41] In the US, many of the first new wave groups were the not-so-punk acts associated with CBGB (e.g. Talking Heads, Mink DeVille and Blondie),[27] as well as the proto-punk scene in Ohio, which included Devo, the electric eels, Rocket from the Tombs, and Pere Ubu.[42][43] Some important bands, such as Suicide and the Modern Lovers, debuted even earlier.[44] CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show by Television at his club in March 1974, said; \"I think of that as the beginning of new wave\".[45] Many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A 1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name (New Wave) includes American artists Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, and The Runaways.[27][46]
Between 1976 and 1977, the terms \"new wave\" and \"punk\" were used somewhat interchangeably.[26][47] Music historian Vernon Joynson said new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, when many bands began disassociating themselves from punk.[3] That year, the term gained currency when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin' Glue, and music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express.[48] In November 1976, Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLaren's term \"new wave\" to designate music by bands that were not exactly punk but were related to the punk-music scene.[49] The mid-1970s British pub rock scene was the source of many of the most-commercially-successful new wave acts, such as Ian Dury, Nick Lowe, Eddie and the Hot Rods, and Dr. Feelgood.[50]
In the US, Sire Records chairman Seymour Stein, believing the term \"punk\" would mean poor sales for Sire's acts who had frequently played the New York club CBGB, launched a \"Don't Call It Punk\" campaign designed to replace the term with \"new wave\".[52] Because radio consultants in the US had advised their clients punk rock was a fad, they settled on the new term. Like the filmmakers of the French New Wave movement, after whom the genre was named, new wave artists such as Ramones and Talking Heads were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most American writers used the term \"new wave\" exclusively in reference to British punk acts.[53] Starting in December 1976, The New York Rocker, which was suspicious of the term \"punk\", became the first American journal to enthusiastically use the term, at first for British acts and later for acts associated with the CBGB scene.[48] The music's stripped-back style and upbeat tempos, which Stein and others viewed as a much-needed return to the energetic rush of rock and roll and 1960s rock that had dwindled in the 1970s with progressive rock and stadium spectacles, attracted them to new wave.[54][page needed]
The term \"post-punk\" was coined to describe groups who were initially considered part of new wave but were more ambitious, serious, challenging, darker, and less pop-oriented.[according to whom] Some of these groups later adopted synthesizers.[55] While punk rock wielded a major influence on the popular music scene in the UK, in the US it remained a fixture of the underground.[54]
By the end of 1977, \"new wave\" had replaced \"punk\" as the term for new underground music in the UK.[48] In early 1978, XTC released the single \"This Is Pop\" as a direct response to tags such as \"new wave\". Songwriter Andy Partridge later stated of bands such as themselves who were given those labels; \"Let's be honest about this. This is pop, what we're playing ... don't try to give it any fancy new names, or any words that you've made up, because it's blatantly just pop music. We were a new pop group. That's all.\"[56]
In the early 1980s, new wave gradually lost its associations with punk in popular perception. Writing in 1989, music critic Bill Flanagan said; \"Bit by bit the last traces of Punk were drained from New Wave, as New Wave went from meaning Talking Heads to meaning the Cars to Squeeze to Duran Duran to, finally, Wham!\".[57] Virtually every new pop rock act, and particularly those that included synthesizers in their sound, were tagged as \"new wave\".[24] Starting around 1983, the US music industry preferred the more generic term \"New Music\", which it used to categorize new movements like New Pop and New Romanticism.[58] In Britain, journalists and music critics largely abandoned the terms \"new wave\" and \"new music\" in favor of subgenre terms such as \"synth-pop\".[59]
New wave was closely tied to punk, and came and went more quickly in the UK and Western Europe than in the US. At the time punk began, it was a major phenomenon in the UK and a minor one in the US. When new wave acts started being noticed in the US, the term \"punk\" meant little to mainstream audiences, and it was common for rock clubs and discos to play British dance mixes and videos between live sets by American guitar acts.[60] By the 2000s, critical consensus favored \"new wave\" to be an umbrella term that encompasses power pop, synth-pop, ska revival, and the soft strains of punk rock.[9] In the UK, some post-punk music developments became mainstream.[61] According to Music critic David Smay writing in 2001:
Current critical thought discredits new wave as a genre, deriding it as a marketing ploy to soft-sell punk, a meaningless umbrella term covering bands too diverse to be considered alike. Powerpop, synth-pop, ska revival, art school novelties and rebranded pub rockers were all sold as \"New Wave.\"[9]
In mid-1977, Time[62] and Newsweek wrote favorable lead stories on the \"punk/new wave\" movement.[63] Acts associated with the movement received little or no radio airplay, or music industry support. Small scenes developed in major cities. Continuing into the next year, public support remained limited to select elements of the artistic, bohemian, and intellectual population[48] as arena rock and disco dominated the charts.[64]
Starting in late 1978 and continuing into 1979, acts associated with punk and acts that mixed punk with other genres began to make chart appearances and receive airplay on rock stations and rock discos.[65] Blondie, Talking Heads, The Police, and The Cars charted during this period.[26][64] \"My Sharona\", a single from The Knack, was Billboard magazine's number-one single of 1979; its success, combined with new wave albums being much cheaper to produce during the music industry's worst slump in decades,[65] prompted record companies to sign new wave groups.[26] A new wave music scene developed in Ohio.[64] In 1980, there were br